6 Essential Formatting Tips for Academic Papers

6 Essential Formatting Tips for Academic Papers 6 Essential Formatting Tips for Academic Papers Writing a good paper is one thing; making it look professional is another thing entirely. Yet the presentation of your work can affect its clarity, as well as creating a good (or bad) first impression for your reader. As such, formatting is essential. But Microsoft Word is a bloated, unwieldy beast of a word processor, with a huge array of options. Luckily, then, we’ve prepared this quick guide to the basics of formatting an academic document. 1. Headings and Styles The â€Å"Styles† in Microsoft Word are preformatted text styles that you can customize and use in your work, thereby ensuring formatting is applied consistently throughout a document. The Styles menu. Perhaps the most important are the â€Å"Heading† styles, as these also let you automatically generate a dynamic table of contents. 2. Give Yourself Space Tightly packed text is difficult to read, so make sure to use paragraph and line spacing effectively. Paragraph spacing refers to the gap between paragraphs in your document that appears when you hit return. Line spacing is the space between each line within a paragraph (many schools require papers to be double spaced). Line and paragraph spacing can both be adjusted via the â€Å"Paragraph† section of the â€Å"Home† tab. Adjusting line spacing. 3. What’s Your Alignment? As much as we’d love this to be about DD, we’re actually talking about text alignment (i.e. the way text is presented in a document). Left aligned, centered, right aligned and justified text. Generally, â€Å"Justified† looks neatest for the main text in a paper since it creates neat blocks, but you might want to use â€Å"Centered† or â€Å"Left† for headings. As with line and paragraph spacing, text alignment can be adjusted using the â€Å"Paragraph† options. 4. Marginal Interests If you check your college style guide, you might find that it specifies a size for the margins in your document. This can be adjusted via the â€Å"Margins† button on the â€Å"Page Layout† tab. Margin size, as well as other page layout options. If your style guide doesn’t offer any advice, we suggest around 1.5† for the left margin and 1† for the right margin. This looks tidy while giving plenty of space for feedback. 5. We’ve Got Your Number Ever printed a 20,000 word paper and then dropped the entire thing on the floor? If so, you’ll know how important page numbers can be for keeping everything in order. Basic page numbers can be added quickly via the â€Å"Page Number† menu in the â€Å"Insert† tab. For longer documents, you might also want to check out some of the advanced options. Adding page numbers. 6. Time for a Break Not a rest, silly goose. Page and section breaks. These let you start a new chapter on a new page, ensuring your document looks tidy whatever changes you make while editing. A page break simply begins on a new page, whereas a section break can also be used to apply different styles of formatting to different parts of a document. Both can be added via the â€Å"Breaks† menu on the â€Å"Page Layout† tab in Microsoft Word. Page and section breaks.

Impact of Globalization on Mexicos Trade Relations with the USA Essays

Impact of Globalization on Mexicos Trade Relations with the USA Essays Impact of Globalization on Mexicos Trade Relations with the USA Essay Impact of Globalization on Mexicos Trade Relations with the USA Essay Impact of Globalization on Mexicos Trade Relations with the USA Due to its all-encompassing nature, globalization has different implications for countries economies, politics, and cultures based on the level of their level of development. For instance, the effect of this phenomenon on the United States of America as a developed country might be drastically different than on its neighbor Mexico, who is only developing. Globalization has led to intensification of the trade relations between the USA and Mexico. Despite the rough beginnings, when jobs were lost, low-quality products dumped from one country to another, and market for local products declined, globalization has ultimately led to the reduction or complete removal of the policy barriers to trade and investment between the partner countries (Dollar 145). However, since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) conclusion, both countries have experienced tremendous economic growth. Currently, the United States is Mexicos key trade partner, with 14.5% of the total physical goods imported to the US (Sokoloff and Engerman 217). Thus, this paper will focus on the impact of globalization on the trade relations between Mexico and the US, with specific attention paid to the wage gap through the prism of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem and HeckscherOhlin theorem. Currently, the US and Mexico are protected by NAFTA, which provides them with preferential trading status. These two countries and Canada, the third signatory to the Agreement, are free to move their goods and services to each others territories without significant restrictions. Even though the trade relations have significantly contributed to the economic growth of the US and Mexico, they had a different impact for either party due to their differing comparative advantages. The US export to Mexico has increased by more than 500%, from $41.6 billion in 1993 to $231 billion in 2016, while Mexicos export to the US increased by 640% between 1993 and 2016. The trade balance of the US and Mexico in merchandise had a significant surplus of $59.0 billion. On the other hand, the service sector has also registered a significant increase in trade value between the two countries, albeit lower than merchandise (Williamson 117). Globalization had a negative effect on most of developing companies in Mexico. For example, some of the products that were formerly manufactured in Mexico lost their place in the American market, and their prices declined significantly because the US was able to import from China at a lower price. With the loss of the market, many people lost their jobs while private entrepreneurs suffered losses in revenues. For example, farm workers lost their jobs, and it took a lot of time for the farmers to shift to other cash crops. The US has a comparative advantage, and only 5 million jobs in the US depended on the Mexican trade, while only 1.29 million people were employed in Mexico on the basis of bilateral trade relations between the two countries (Bernanke n.p.). Mexico has leveraged its comparative advantage in many areas such as labor costs and land. The US has shifted manufacturing and other labor-intensive production to other countries, including Mexico, where labor costs are lower, thereby creating jobs in the respective country. Therefore, Mexico has benefited from new jobs and capital investments, which has ultimately led to rapid economic growth and development. The US has also benefited Mexico regarding capital and knowledge (Bailey, Goldstein, and Weingast 309). Nevertheless, with the outsourcing jobs to developing countries, American middle class lost jobs as they could not compete with the low-cost labor from countries such as Mexico and China. With the lower skilled workers in developed countries losing jobs to Mexico and China, the wage gap increased (Frankel 45). The Stolper-Samuelson theorem states that if the prices of goods or services produced by a country rise or fall, then the cost of the factors of production used intensively in the industry will also rise or fall commensurately. The changes also lead to a fall or rise in the cost of other factors of production (Schonhardt-Bailey 87). Therefore, when the market for the products and the price of the same products fall in the US, the cost of the factors of production such as labor in Mexico also fall, while the cost of other factors of production rises. This means that with the decline in the price of Mexican products, the labor cost falls leading to an increase in the wage gap (Elliott 1). The comparative advantage enjoyed by trading partners can be attributed to the fact that they can produce certain goods at a lower opportunity cost than other economic actors. However, the HeckscherOhlin theorem suggests that countries such as Mexico only imported goods that used its scarce resources intensively and produced the goods for which they have abundant resources. The US is a capital abundant country and has the capacity to export the capital intensive goods, while Mexico is a labor abundant country that exports the labor intensive products. In this case, globalization and international trade can be considered as a self-compensating mechanism for which countries produce what they are good at for export at lower labor cost, and import capital intensive goods at lower cost. However, the HeckscherOhlin theorem is based on the assumption that the two trading partners are identical despite the difference in resource endowment, which is not the case and may only be accurate if la bor is categorized into skilled labor (US) and unskilled labor (Mexico). In conclusion, as a developing country, Mexico has experienced a more negative impact of globalization than the USA, which is a developed economy that can afford to make choices regarding trade and labor without experiencing a trade balance deficit. Mexico, even having gained in know-how and investments, has experienced sudden losses of jobs due to businesses closing and the USs choice to outsource labor from China, which is cheaper. Thus, it is evident that globalization can be somewhat detrimental to a developing economy, but with neighboring countries willing to cooperate on an ultimately mutually beneficial basis, a developing country can show significant growth. Bailey,M., Goldstein, J., and Weingast, B. R. .The Institutional Roots of American Trade Policy: Politics, Coalitions, and International Trade. World Politics 49, 3 (April 1997) pp. 309-338. Bernanke, B. Global Economic Integration: Whats New and Whats Not?. Speech at the 30th Annual Economic Symposium, Jackson Hole, WY, 2006. Dollar, D. Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality since 1980. World Bank Research Observer 20, 2, 2005 Elliott, K. Big Sugar and the Political Economy of US Agricultural Policy. Center for Global Development Brief, April 2005. Frankel, J. Globalization of the Economy. In Nye, Joseph and John Donahue (eds.) Governance in a Globalizing World, Visions of Governance Project. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000. Schonhardt-Bailey, C. Free Trade: Repeal of the Corn Laws. In Frieden, Jeffry A., David A. Lake and J. Lawrence Broz (eds.), International Political Economy. 5th Edition. New York: Norton, 2009. Sokoloff, K. L. and Engerman, S. L. History Lessons: Institutions, Factor Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World. Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, 3, 2000. Williamson, J. G. Globalization and Inequality: Past and Present. World Bank Research Observer 12, 2 ,1997,

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Discussion Question - Assignment Example Over 86% of the cities in America report violence each year. Women have also proven to be part of the violence adding up to 8% of the gangsters (ABC News). With this information, the community officials together with the community at large should coordinate to stop the violence. The first way to fight violence is making the youth busy. The government needs to create youth initiatives such as sports or games that will make them busy. The teens also need jobs. Lack of gainful employment makes them indulge in unauthorized activities that end up in violence. Hence, the community must condemn idleness especially in the streets (ABC News). Chicago being on the highlight in violence, the security force in the area needs enhancement. In as much as security is governments role, people in the neighborhood should also be on the watch out to report any suspected cases that can result in violence. Mainly, the residents should form mechanisms for reporting crimes and community policing. They should also help the authorities to inspect and flush out illegal gun holders among them. In addition, parents and guardians, being responsible for their small boys need to educate them on the ill effects of violence and warn them not to get involved (ABC News). In conclusion, enacting organization such as Fight Violence, with a group of youths moving around the streets educating the youths on the effects of violence can result in a positive outcome. Above all, the community needs to come together as one and fight

Basketball as Religion in He Got Game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Basketball as Religion in He Got Game - Essay Example After six years since then, Jesus has worked hard to become a brilliant prospective basketball player just at the age of eighteen. Several colleges are interested in him with lucrative offers of scholarship, and making a career with the NBA also remains an option. However, the Governor wants to sign Jesus with his alma mater, the Big State. With his power and influence, he releases Jake on parole for a week. If Jake is able to convince his son Jesus to play for Big State his sentence would be drastically reduced setting him free. Otherwise, he would be sent back to jail. Now an emotional tug of war begins. Jake seeks to convince his estranged son. Martha (Lonette McKee), who is Jesus’ younger sister, wants a better life and suggests his brother to look for more profitable opportunities. Jesus’ girlfriend, Lala (Rosario Dawson) plays a double dealing role in the complex environment with a ‘not so innocent’ approach. The characters like Jesus’ uncle, a unt, coach, etc. appear as both selfish and empathetic in the course of the drama. As Jake returns to his family, Jesus has to confront him and go through emotional ups and downs. On the other hand, he faces the contradictions, glamour, challenges, and dark realities of the multi-billion dollar basketball sports industry of America. At times, he is at the dilemma of horns, but the young athlete is a good-natured son who ultimately seeks reunion and peace with his lonely and troubled father. Basketball craze is a huge factor in the sports culture of American life. It has emerged as a multi-billion dollar business in the American sports industry. Almost all the resourceful and reputed colleges of the country are rivaling each other in order to leave a mark in the various basketball leagues. This helps them to levy high amounts of profits. On the other hand, there is the celebrated NBA, where several

The Importance of Higher Education Through Community College Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Higher Education Through Community College Essay Why is higher education important you may ask through community colleges? There are many benefits to life that come with the achievement of higher education. Furthering your education puts you at a competetive edge with todays evolving technology and the aggressiveness of the present job market. Higher education plays such a huge factor in today’s society and yet there are still very many people out there who cannot afford to go to a big university because of the cost. Four out of ten graduating high school students start their college careers at community colleges. Along the same lines community colleges are the largest and fastest growing area of higher education which means that more and more people today are exploring and learning about the benefits of pursueing higher education through community colleges. There may be many reasons why we choose to further our education through community college. We all live busy lifestyles and at times just our daily lives, routines and obligations can dictate just how much time people can devote to pursuing a higher education. Some of us may already have families or may even be working at a job. There are also a great number of people as well who simply just spend beyond their means. All of these examples can play a huge roll on affordability and how much time a person can spend inside the classroom.And because of this, these obstacles may prevent or even discourage people from being able to become a full time student. Community colleges offer the opportunity to higher education at a lower expence and present the student with the opportunity to take advantage of the many various scholarships and programs that these community colleges have available. There are a great number of community colleges to choose from in every state of the country. And many of these schools have a lot to offer potential students. Community colleges such as Ivy Tech and Oakland City University for example, have a vast amount of programs and benefits that will allow people a chance to attend class no matter how much time their daily lives and routines require them to spend. These schools offer the student a selection of online classes, courses and even degree programs all ready to take from their home or office all online. In addition to online classes these two schools also omake available full or part time student enrollment, day time and night time classes are also available if needed to help accommodate all types of lifestyles,schedules and obligations. With all of these programs in place it makes pursuing your future that much easier to grasp. By allowing the availability to attend community college online and at different times of the day and by using government and student financial aid such as Pell grants and the Stafford student loan people can often get a degree without going into so much debt. Sometimes the availability of these classes can help people get degree’s even faster than they normally would if they had to be on campus at all times. With our busy lifestyles and the competitiveness of the job market in todays economy it is vital to have an education. Even though at times we may think to ourselves that we just cannot afford to attend community college or are simply just too busy with the demands of daily life to dedicate accomplishing such an important task. In my oppinion, othing can be further from the truth. Making the choice to attain higher education through community college is a fantastic decision for anyone wanting to be a competitive force in todays ever evolving technological world and try to win in the current job market. Going to a community college may be intimidating to some people for various reasons whether it is having enough time, money or obligations. And at times, may even let these issues disuade their decision to attend. There are no obstacles too big in your way of pursuing your future and your dreams. And by taking advantage of all the programs and benefits that these schools have to offer can and will help to ease any anxieties you may have of becoming a student pursuing a higher education through community college.

Medical Benefits Of Honey Biology Essay

Medical Benefits Of Honey Biology Essay Honey is a sticky solution which is made by worker honeybees. Nectar is a normal sweet material which is described as a plant exudation that is gathered by honeybees and combined with certain secretion for the purpose of ripening and maturation.1 The main source of honey is flower nectar which, after collection , is modified and stored in honeycombes in order to be used as nourishment for the young brood.2 Chronic wound treatment is expensive and complicated. It is estimated that 1% of the population of both the United Kingdom and United States have a chronic ulcer, in the company of wound treatment price in Britain only approximately about 1 billion pound per year. The chronic healing is always excruciating, malodorous gate for expansionist infection and a potential repository for antibiotic resistant bacteria.3 Its difficult for patients to endure chronic lesions for a long time and this could have effect on the patients quality of life, work prospects, relationships, and continual pain. Zumla and Lulat ( 1982 ) described that the ancient Egyptians remembered employment of honey in 500 of 900 remedies. Hippocrates recognized the worth of honey as a unit of the diet, mix it with vinegar for pain, water for thirst, and water with different other medical substances for acute fever.4 There are many study conducted and shown successful result in several types of wounds. Chronic wounds are casing high incidence of hospital admission and the development of biofilms that inhabits the healing in this wounds. Pseudomonas argonosa one of the main bacteria that dalliances in the chronic wound healing. Manuka honey has approve to be the therapeutic treatment among the ether type of honey which inhabits the development of the biofilms in infected wounds. In this study, I have compared between microtiter plate and Calgary plate and there effectiveness preventive and inhibition of manuka honey. I believe that they were many patients in Oman who have diabetic chronic wound and there are not getting good results for their cases which end them with imputative lamps. I have selected this topics because that the use of manuka honey will contribute enhancing the wound healing in chronic wounds. Treatment of wounds using honey: The medical letters on medicating wounds with honey has been consulted recently in expert wound-care journals, with a concentrate on the medical indication and the clinical face. In this stage, scientists are considered on the therapeutic effects notice when honey is taken as a wound dressing.5 There were many reports in the medical journals that show the different type of wounds has been treated successfully with honey: abrasions, fistula, amputations, foot ulcers in lepers, abscesses , infected wounds arising from arising from trauma, bed sores, large septic wounds, burns, burst abdominal wounds following caesarean delivery, leg ulcers, malignant ulcers, sickle cell ulcers, skin ulcers, cancrum, cervical ulcers, surgical wounds, chilblains, cracked nipples, cuts, tropical ulcers ,wounds to the abdominal wall and perineum, varicose ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers and other diabetic ulcers.5 Honey can generate a moist wound environment and can prevent or clear existing wound infections. Its can derided wounds and remove malodour, it reduces oedema and exudates, prevents and minimises hypertrophic scarring and hastens healing. Some honeys are available in the form of sterile product licensed for the use in wound care in Australia, Canada, the European Union, Hong Kong, New Zealand ant the USA.6 The type of honey which is normally used in the modern products is prepared specifically for wound management. It should be filtered, gamma irradiated and CE marked. The quantity of honey which can be used in the dressing is enough to cover the wound surface or fill the cavity or sinus, although It can overlap the wound margins. In the UK, wound treat honey is available in liquid form, in simple dressing form ( tulle or pad ) or in alginate dressings and the dressing may need to be changed daily initially until the level of exudates reduces with time the period between dressing changes can be extended. PROPERTEES OF CHRONIC WOUNDS: The process of acute wound healing has been divided into four steps: coagulation, inflammation, cell proliferation and repair of the matrix, and epithelialization and remodeling. The signs of an infected wound are : tumor, rubor, dolor, calor, and function laesa. Other standard have been suggested, like less transcutaneous oxygen tension ( TcPO2 ), presence of necrotic tissue, foul order, pan, wound break down, or simply lack of healing. The clinical endpoint for infection has been proposed: if Ë‚ 105 bacteria/g tissue are present, the wound is colonized whereas above 105 bacteria/g tissue it is infected. The susceptibility of colonizing bacteria to generate themselves and proliferate in a biofilm due to the weak of successful antibiotic therapy. Chronic wounds divide into various groups such as venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and pressure ulcers. Each group has their specific principles for treatment based on current knowledge of pathogenesis. Venous leg ulcers are accelerate by malfunction of venous valves causing venous hypertension in the crural veins, raised pressure in capillaries, and edema. Venous pressure more than 45mmHg inevitably leads to development of a leg ulcer. The therapy of the venous leg ulcer is compression, which often heals the ulcer. Repetitive load of the neurophatic is the main cause of diabetic foot ulcer and usually ischemic foot and treatment is offloading and restoration of circulation. Pressure ulcers are produced by sustained or repetitive load on usually vulnerable areas such as the sciatic tuberculum, sacral region, heels, and shoulders in th e immobilized patient. Medicament is pressure relief with discharge mattresses, cushion seats, and ambulation of the patient. Chronic wounds in the form of to be stuck in the inflammatory step characterized by a continuing influx of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils [PMNs]) that lanch cytotoxic enzymes, free oxygen radicals, and inflammatory brokers that cause wide collateral harm to the host tissue. The two responses cellular and humoral have a part in the inflammatory methed of chronic wounds. In the infection, (polymorphonuclear neutrophils [PMNs]) are detected in high amounts in chronic wounds. MMPs belong to a family of zincdependent endoproteinases that are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. They are maked by several different cells, for instance fibroblasts, macrophages, eosinophils, but in particular the PMNs. MMP production is stimulated by cytokines, growth factors, and cell-cell contact. The MMPs participate in the first stage of the wound-healing process, by throw devitalized tissue, and are therefore believed to play an important role in normal wound healing and remodeling. As for the repair stage, MMPs are important for angiogenesis, wound matrix contraction, migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, and epithelialization. However, many papers proposed that elevated levels of active MMPs impair wound healing. Consequently, wound care items have been developed that aim at relieving the supposedly disadvantage effects of elevated MMPs in order to promote healing. In especially, infections with P. aeruginosa show altered amount of MMPs and MMP-regulating cytokines. Additionally, there are rarely any reports on antibody evolution against P. aeruginosa, with specific reference to chronic wounds.16 Pseudomonas argonosa biofilm cells Bacterial biofilms are polycellular communities in which cells are an integral component within an extracellular matrix at close vicinity to one another. Biofilms are after linked to solid surfaces but they converse to multicellular aggregates, flocks and grauls hanging in the aqueous phase in many habitats. It may produce foul, green-pigmented discharge and necrosis.7 Also they can be assimilation by single species or mixed species consortia. They are some figure of definite features are required for the type of biofilm formation : 1 Attachment to the involving particular agglutinant proteins. 2 Cell to cell binding involving proteins,extra-cellular DNA and polysaccharide in order for the cells to resist the hydrodynamic forces. 3 Cell motility to enable the cells to crawl on the surface. The bulk of P.aeruginosa biofilm cells even at the early stage express a type that is recollecting of gene expression seen in the early stationary phase of planktonic cells by analysis based of transcriptomics. This would in part demonstrate the high tolerance to antibiotics since a lot of drugs are comparatively ineffective against slow or non-growing stationary cells. Furthermore quorum sensing ( QS ) regulated gene expression also contributes to biofilm tolerance. Davies et al. ( 1998) explained that a QS incomplete las I mutant of P.aeruginosa formalized biofilms that were much liable to biocides. Also, biofilms constituted by a las R, rhlR double mutant of P.aeruginosa is more exposed to killing by tobramycin and hydrogen peroxide than biofilms formed by a wild-type counterpart suggestive of biofilm specific QS controlled genes.8 Biofilm development: First, various species release to develop similar structural and functional endpoint over biofilm formation, including the various stage of microcolony formation, matrix embedded mature biofilms, and tolerance to antimicrobial agent. Moreover, these species may or may not employ cell surface structures such as pili, flagella and LPS. Second, the use of various channel for biofilm formation and function occur also within a species like the development of tobramycin resistance in P. aeruginosa.8 The biofilm life cycle. 1: each cells populate the surface. 2: extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is produced and attachment becomes irreversible. 3 4: biofilm architecture develops and matures. 5: single cells are released from the biofil.9 Manuka honey: Honey has various antimicrobial factors. About 80% of honey content by weight is sugar and it is relatively acidic ( typical pH ranges from 3.2 to 4.5 ), making it unsuitable for microbial growth.6 Manuka honey has been promoted to therapeutic advantage over other honeys which are grown in New Zealand and Australia.10 It is reported to have a high concentration of a trimethoxybenzoic acid and methylglyoxal ; 2-methoxybenzoic acid and methlglyoxal were linearly related in fresh manuka honey.11 Recently it has been documented that the antibacterial activity of this honey is due to reactive methylglyoxal ( MG ) which is more concentrated ( up to 100 times ) in manuka honey compared others honeys.10 This led to the development of an industry standard phenol equivalent named unique manuka factor ( UMF ).11 Where MG is a strong protein-glycating agent and a serious harbinger of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), GM and AGEs play a role in the pathogenesis of weakening diabetic wound healing and can adjust the structure and the function of the target molecules. Along with MG, hydrogen peroxide, flavonoid and aromatic acids are present in natural honeys.10 Hydrogen peroxide is produced in low concentration by the enzyme glucose oxidase which is present in the honey from bee hypopharyageal glayls. It is produced when honey is diluted with the body fluids and the acidity of the honey is neutralised also the body fluids. If the honey is used as topically like a wound dressing, hydrogen peroxide is formed by dilution of the honey with body fluids. C6 H12 O6 + H2O + O2 C6 H12 O7 + H2O2 The New Zealand beekeeping industry recognized that storage of manuka honey increased the UMF rating and thus also its market value. The colour of honey is linked to the configuration of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds output on non-enzymatic caramelisation or Maillard reactions see Figure 2.11 Figure 2. Main properties of manuka honey in the treatment of diabetic ulcers. The black arrow represents known action, the white arrows represent hypothetical mechanisms of action. MG: methylglyoxal; AGEs: advanced glycation end products; MRJP1: major royal jelly protein.3 In addition, ripeness of stored honeys has been showed to increase the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ( HMF ) amount. Another thing is that some beekeeper in New Zealand are heating the honey to manipulate the UMF activity which may raise HMF beyond the current international standard of 40mg/kg for culinary honeys.11 The susceptibility of the honey to effect the action of the cells that are central to the wound healing method has been investigated by exposing monocytic cells to diluted honey and measuring the rate of release of cytokines that indicate cell activitation. Monocytes are precursors of macrophages, which are substantial cellular organizers of wound healing. Impaired healing is formed by numerous, complex factors which are not entirely understood at present, but it has been linked to reduced numbers of macroghages and inactive macrophages. The susceptibility of agents to stimulation such cells therefore has importance in estimate their wound healing potential.12 There were a study published for comparison of desloughing efficacy after 4 weeks and healing outcomes after 12 weeks in sloughy venous leg ulcers treated with Manuka honey ( Woundcare 18+ ) vs. Standard hydrogel therapy ( Intrasite Gel ). The study shows 108 patients with venous leg ulcers having à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 50 wound area covered in slough, not taking antibiotic or immunosuppressant therapy were recruited from ascular centres, acute and community care hospitals and leg ulcer clinics. The efficacy of wound care 18+ to deslough the wounds after 4 weeks and its impact on healing after 12 weeks when campared with IntraSite Gel control was determined. The treatment was applied weekly for 4 weeks and follow up was made at week 12. From the results of the study it was demonstrated that at week 4, mean percentage of reduction in slough was 67% Wound Care 18+ vs. 52.9% Intra Site Gel (p = 0.054). Mean wound area covered in slough reduced to 29% and 43%, respectively (p = 0.065). Median reduction in wound size was 34% vs. 13% (p = 0.001). At 12 weeks, 44% vs. 33% healed (p = 0.037). Wounds having >50% reduction in slough had greater probability of healing at week 12 (95% confidence interval 1.12, 9.7; risk ratio 3.3; p = 0.029). Infection developed in 6 of the WoundCare18+ group vs. 12 in the IntraSite Gel group. The WoundCare 18+ group had increased incidence of healing, effective desloughing and a lower incidence of infection than the control. Manuka honey has therapeutic value. This study confirmd that manuka honey may be considered by clinicians for use in sloughy venous ulcers.13 Calgary Biofilm Plates: The Calgary Biofim Plates was developed at the University of Calgary by their microbiologists. This Device now has a commercial name as The MBEC assay. It working by the idea of the microorganisms to grow on 96 pegs protruding down from a plastic lid. The MBEC assay plate has two parts. The upper part of the plate is polystyrene lid with 96 identical pegs. The mean surface area of each peg is 108.9mm2. The lid is inserted into the lower part of the plate a microtiter plate is set up to contain an inoculated growth medium. The plate is kept on a gyrorotary shaker in an incubator, which provides the shearing force that facilitates the formation of 96 biofilms on the peg lid. Biofilms take shape on the polystyrene pegs when planktonic bacteria adsorb to the surface. In the presence of shear, these bacteria become irreversibly attached and grow to form mature biofilms.14

The land of Palestine

The land of Palestine is considered holy for the Muslims and the Jews, the Jews consider it as the promised homeland from god. The conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians dates back to the time of the Ottoman Empire in the 1880s. At that time, the Muslim Arabs predominantly inhabited the land of Palestine where as the Arab Christians and the Jews were present in smaller groups. It was the idea of the Promised Land, which inspired the Jews to come and settle in the land of Palestine.It was in Europe where the early Zionist movement started which promoted the idea of Jews having a â€Å"state of their own† which should be in the Land of Israel (Palestine). In 1897 the World Zionist Organization was founded by Herlz â€Å"declared that the aim of Zionism was to establish ‘a national home for the Jewish people secured by public law'†¦ this idea began more pronounced among Jews and got immense support from the West because of the riots against Jews which prov ed murderous for the Jews .The mass killings of the Jews by the Nazis during World War II in which about six millions Jews were cruelly murdered under the rule of Hitler calling it the Final Solution of the Jewish Question. These killing by the Nazis intensified the international support for the creation of a homeland for the Jews. The Zionist movement overlooked a major factor before promoting the idea of a state in Palestine, which was that another people, the Muslim Arabs, already occupied it.More interestingly, the West and Europe also ignored this crucial problem this was due to the fact that idea of a Jewish state attracted the British for religious as well as practical purposes. It was 1917 in which the British army took control of Palestine from the Ottoman Empire and in the same year Balfour, declaration was passed which was seen as a promise made by Britain to the Jews for further increasing its efforts for a Jewish national home in Palestine. A point that is to be noted h ere is that after the second world war Jews made a 33% of the total population in Palestine where as in 1922 they were a mere 11%.They saw the increasing number of Jews in their homeland as a conspiracy against them and their homeland the Jews were looked upon as outsiders. They also became greatly influenced by the European anti-Semitism and adopted many ideas and claims of Holocaust deniers as well as the anti-Zionist ideology of radical Jewish intellectuals. The newly created UN suggested dividing the country into two one for the Arabs and the other part for the Jews, and Jerusalem was to be assigned as a corpus separatum meaning an international city.The Jewish community accepted the plan as they had nothing to lose, in fact they were at last achieving what they have always wanted, and the Palestinians on the other hand saw it as a division of their homeland. Shortly after this suggested UN plan, a war between the Palestinians and the Jews started in the beginning of the Decembe r of 1947. The condition worsened in January when the Arab Liberation Army and help from Egypt came in, in the form of Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni who intervened with several hundred of his men of the Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas.The Jewish authorities were funded by sympathizers in US and greatly assisted by Stalin. This war also marks the massacre of the Arabs by the Jewish army and the expulsion of about 250000 Palestinians to leave their country and take refuge in the neighboring countries. More successful Jewish offensives created a united front around Jerusalem. The Jews declared the state of Israel on 14 May 1948 exactly a day before the British Mandate of Palestine was to be expired, furthermore its immediate acceptance by the Soviet Union, the United States, and other Western countries, enraged the Arab States greatly.`Therefore over the next few days the newly created state was attacked by the combine forces of Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Egypt, the state which has taken the right of the Arab homeland and in way this proves to be right too because it was the Jews who were the immigrants. This action was declared as an illegal aggression by the US and the Soviet Union whereas China backed the Arab cause. Volunteers from both the United States and Canada supported the Israeli army. The outcome of the war was a disaster for the Arab States and the Israeli forces not only managed to protect their territory but also expanded their holdings.In 1949 Israel signed peace treaties with the Arab states and the new borders now was 50% more than what the UN partition plan proposed. Egypt controlled the hold of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank was under the control of Tran Jordan. War resulted in the displacement of around 711,000 Palestinians from their homes, a proposed figure by the UN. Although a UN resolution was passed which allowed the refugees to return home but somehow the resolution was completely ignored which created the major Palestinian Refugee Crisis and the West too failed too respond.At last the dream of Zionism was achieved even though it marked a historic change in the state of the Jews i. e. the former â€Å"oppressed were now the oppressors† and as in the future the further killing and massacre of the Palestinians, including women and children will confirm the authenticity of the statement. Literature Review: Avi Shalaim wrote in his book, The politics of partition, 1921-1951: King Abdullah, the Zionists, and Palestine, â€Å"The clash between Arabs and Jews in Palestine is one of the deepest, gravest, and most protracted international conflicts of modern times.It is difficult to imagine more bitter enmity than that between the Arabs and Jews during the decades leading up to and following the emergence of the State of Israel. Indeed, the Arab-Israeli conflict has sometimes been described as a ‘pure' conflict, that is to say one in which the interests of the two prot- agonists are completely and irreconcilably oppose d. † For years now countless tragedies have been encountered on both sides, the majority of which the Palestinians have encountered which includes the ruthless killing of even children by the Israeli forces and the demolition of the Palestinian houses.The Palestinians on the other hand reply to this kind of Israeli atrocities by any available means this may include rocket attacks on Jewish settlements or suicide bombings. Palestinians are constantly trying to get this territory back by any means possible, and then come the issue of the Palestinian refugees who despite having their own homeland are being forced to live in neighboring countries because Israel refuses to acknowledge them. The international community and the UN have criticized Israel countless times on target killings and human rights violation but Israel seems adamant.The only way through this conflict as the international community or the West saw was to provide the Palestinian with a homeland and to persuade Is rael to leave the Arab territories. There had been treaties and accords for this purpose over the past many years, the first prominent among them were Camp David Accords which was initiated by the President of US Jimmy Carter. The accord was agreed between the President of Egypt and the prime minister of Israel Menachem Begin. Two agreements were signed between Egypt and Israel the framework consisted of three parts.The first part outlined to establish a self governing authority in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and to implement the UN resolution 242, which called for â€Å"the establishment of a just and lasting peace in the Middle East† to be achieved by â€Å"the application of both the following principles:†. â€Å"Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict† and: â€Å"Termination of all claims or states of belligerency†. The second part of the agreement was concerned about the relations between Israel and Eg ypt.The third part defined to principles upon which Israel was supposed to improve its relations with neighboring Arab countries. Egyptian sovereignty was to be exercised on the internationally recognized border between Egypt and the mandated Palestine. The withdrawal of Israeli forces from Sinai and the use of airfields by Israel al-Arish, Rafah, Ras en-Naqb, and Sharm el-Sheikh for civilian purposes only. The right of free passage by ships of Israel through the Gulf of Suez and the Suez Canal based on the Constantinople Convention of 1888 applying to all nations.The Strait of Tiran and Gulf of Aqaba are international waterways to be open to all nations for unimpeded and non suspend able freedom of navigation and over flight. The construction of a highway between the Sinai and Jordan near Eilat with guaranteed free and peaceful passage by Egypt and Jordan; and the stationing of military forces were also agreed upon in the accord. The signing of this agreement triggered enough hatre d for Sadat in the Arab world that he was assassinated as he was seen as a traitor to the Palestinian cause.Israel greatly benefited from this accord as compared to Egypt because peace on the border meant that the Israeli forces could now lower their alert level. The peace agreement was also seen as an agreement between the Israelis and the President of Egypt only because his people or the rest of the Arab world, which his assassination confirmed, did not share his views. Perhaps the most notable step in the peace process was the Oslo process in 1993, in which a framework for the future relations between the Israelis and the Palestinians were worked out.A US president, Bill Clinton this time, PLO’s Chairman Yasser Arafat representing Palestine and Israel’s Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin representing the Israelis, again initiated this. This accord provided the creation of a Palestinian authority, which was to be responsible for the administration of territory assigned und er its control. This accord also called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from some parts of Gaza and the West Bank. Both sides accepted territorial compromise as the basis for the settlement of their long and better conflict.The Oslo accord was a great breakthrough for Israel, a number of Arab states thought about establishing diplomatic relations with Israel after PLO’s recognition of Israel. The Arab League too debated upon lifting of economic sanctions from Israel, which have been in place since the creation of Israel. Every thing changed for Israel and its neighboring Arab countries after the Oslo accord. Still after the Oslo process, the expansions of settlements continued and hence further disturbing the already worsening economic conditions.There fore creating doubts, frustration, and thereby causing a drop in the support for the Oslo agreement. The agreement has five chapters, which consist of thirty-one articles, seven annexes, and nine attached maps. The most im portant part of this agreement was the recognition of Palestinian Interim Self- Government Authority. The agreement also provided a safe passage of transport and person between the Gaza strip and the West Bank, it refrained each sides from any kind of hostile propaganda against each other.Palestinian Police was given the authority to be established and operate in coalition with the Israeli forces. The agreement also outlined the plan for the transfer of power from Israel to the Palestinian authorities. The agreement divided the territory into three areas Area A which was supposed to be under the control of Palestinian authority, Area B comprised both of the Palestinian and the Israeli authorities, the Palestinian was to control civilian authority while Israel continued to be in charge of security, Area C was to be under exclusive control of Israel.This process saw a downfall with the assassination of Rabin and the Likud party coming into power, which came as a serious blow to the pe ace process. The Likud party destroyed homes of the Arabs, confiscated their lands, started building new Jewish settlements, and opened an archeologist tunnel near Muslim Holy places in Old Jerusalem. Avi Shlaim wrote in his book International Relations of the Middle East, â€Å"That the basic reason for the failure of Oslo to resolve the conflict is that Israel, under the leadership of the Likud, reneged on its side of the deal.By resorting to violence, the Palestinians contributed to the breakdown of trust without which no political progress is possible. But the more fundamental cause behind the loss of trust and the loss of momentum was the Israeli policy of expanding settlements on the West Bank which carried on under Labour as well as Likud. This policy precluded the emergence of a viable Palestinian state without which there can be no end to the conflict. † In May 1999, the Likud party was overthrown and the Labor party came into power by a landslide victory.Ehud Barak was elected as the prime minister but Barak lacked Rabin’s vision and his style was arrogant and authoritarian and he approached diplomacy as the extension of war by other means. Under Barak’s regime the expansion of Jewish settlement which was seen as a barrier to the peace process. There fore one more agreement with this new government was needed and quite necessary because a deadlock had been created between the Israelis and the Palestinians. On July5, 2000 Bill Clinton invited Arafat and Barak to negotiate the peace process.Barak appeared believing that America would help impose his agenda in the final settlement. Barak suggested an independent Palestinian state, which would consist of the whole Gaza Strip and most of the West Bank, he also agreed for the return of the refugees that would involve 500 people a year. He agreed on partitioning of the city of Jerusalem, but the Palestinian authority refused this point because they wanted exclusive sovereignty over all Arab suburbs and over Temple Mount.The Palestinian authority was divided on the proposal some saw it as a historical breakthrough others saw it as a compromise with their national right. Further more the delegation came under pressure from Egypt and Saudi Arabia not to compromise the holy places of the Muslims. Therefore, Arafat rejected most of the proposals, the summit ended in failure, and very easily, Barak and Clinton put the whole blame of the failure on the shoulders of Arafat. The Palestinians accused Bill Clinton of siding with Barak, therefore Arafat returned home once again empty handed.According to Ken Booth and Tim Dunne, in their book, Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of World Order â€Å"the policy of using US moral, material, and military support to give Israel the confidence to go forward in the peace process, has not achieved the desired results. The best proof is Bill Clinton. He was, in the words of one Israeli newspaper, the last Zionist. Yet, even he could not sweet talk Israel into a final settlement. If Clinton could not do it, nobody can. That leaves only one possible path to progress: an externally-imposed solution. † [1] The failure of the Summit at Camp David started an outbreak of violence began.The violence was further sparked by the visit of Israel’s opposition leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount, the site of Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem. There fore the second intifada, an Arabic word for uprising, started. The Palestinians saw the Israeli-American proposal at Camp David a complete surrender to Israel’s demand, they knew that they have been malevolently duped with not even a minimal solution to the issues which constitute the Palestine question. It is against this background and Sharon’s provocative visit to Al ‘Aqsa that the Second Intifada erupted.The uprising resulted in a new wave of brutal killings from the Israeli side to stop the rebellion which included the killing of a 12 ye ar old, the Palestinian responded by suicide bombings attack on Israeli civilians. An article in Australian for Palestine stated that â€Å"Since the Al ‘Aqsa Intifada, Israel defines the situation in the occupied Palestinian territories as â€Å"a situation of hostility† rather than a â€Å"belligerent occupation† and therefore it contends that the Hague Regulations which protect civilians under military occupation no longer apply.Furthermore, it contends that it is not responsible for compensating the Palestinians for any damage caused or any property taken. † This incident also increased the international involvement; according to a report, Israel annually receives $1. 2 billion in economic aid and $1. 8 billion in military aid from the United States, excluding loan guarantees, besides that many humanitarian groups also responded greatly after this incident. the incident also provided a significant shift in U.S policy. The Palestenian leader was now not welcomed in Washington by the new Bush adminstration, furthermore Bush called on to the Palestinians â€Å"to elect new leaders, leaders not compromised by terror†, hence clearly indicating the shift of policy towards the Palestinian leader. To maintained peace he also outlined detailed steps prominent among them were the Palestinian rejection of terrorism (suicide bombing) and an end to Israel’s settlement expansion.Haig Khatchadourian in his book, The Quest for Peace between Israel ad Palestinians, said, â€Å"Consequently, its brilliant military victories over the Arab states are bound to remain very incomplete victories so long as it clings to the land that Palestinians rightfully call their own. Only when the heavy chains binding occupier and occupied are broken, and Palestinians become their own masters, can real peace and stability in the region become more than a wistful hope. For then not just sulh but salaam should become the order of the day between the ma jority of West Bank and Gaza Palestinians, and Israel.† In April 2003, these detailed steps took the form of the â€Å"road map to peace. † The Palestinian elected a new leader, Mahmoud Abbas, which made both the US and Israel happy because they saw him more liberal and more importantly not as a â€Å"terrorist† as in case of Arafat. These new developments made the way for a major summit of Israeli, Palestinian, Jordanian leaders, and US but the summit proved a failure. The road map to peace aims in creating an independent Palestinian state living side by side with Israel.Israel on the other hand would accept the state and end its settlements; the Palestinian on the other hand would have to stop their attacks on Israel. The road map’s process consists of three-phase development; phase1 of the project requires the Palestinian to stop any kind of violence against Israel, which is seen as an act of terrorism by both Israel and the U. S. it urges the Palestini an to make political reforms and hold fair elections. Israel on the other hand would have to withdraw and freeze on settlement expansions.The phase2 consisted of a revival of the destroyed Palestinian economy by means of an International Conference, which will support the recovery of the Palestinian economy, which would ultimately lead to the establishment of a Palestinian homeland. This part of the plan will also concentrate upon issues like water resources, arms control, economic development etc. it would also urge the Arab states to revive links with Israel, which were before the intifada period. The third phase was the confirmation stage, a second calling of an international conference and the final status and agreement of the borders.This phase was the permanent end to the conflict. The issue of the city of Jerusalem and the refugee problem also falls in the third phase of this project. Both the sides i. e. the Palestinian and the Israel have concerns over this road map. The in ternational community has become very much involved for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict based on this road map project. A group known as the Quartet formed which consisted of representatives from the Russia, the United Nation, and the European Union, which began shaping up the international policy necessary for a peace accord.Case Study: Many amendments and revisions has been taken place to the statement which was issued by the Quartet regarding the roadmap for peace on September 17, 2002, therefore the program’s outline is changing with time seeing the international events that has taken place. As stated earlier both the Palestinian and the Israeli authorities have reservations upon the project’s various versions, which they have reported, but still some experts say based on evidence that the Palestinians are opening up and beginning to comply with what the roadmap has to offer.On the other hand, the Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon only made empty promi ses and there is no evidence whatsoever that Israel would go ahead with the plan. In the October of the same year, the American President Bush amended and issued his version of the roadmap, which was more detailed than the previous version and was based on the input, which he received from the Israeli and Palestinian authorities. The key reservations from the side of the Israeli government is the issue of terrorism i. e.how will the Palestinian authorities act if the terrorist activities continue and would the Palestinian government be able to handle the terrorism. The Israelis feel that this roadmap for peace may fail due to the same reasons which were responsible for the failure of the Oslo process i. e. many agreements were made but nothing were done to implement them effectively. The Palestinian authority on the other hand has accepted the plan but has not implemented the key requirement of the plan, which was to put an end to terrorist activities.Likewise, the Israeli governmen t later agreed with the plan but made fourteen reservations on the plan and like the Palestinian authority has not implemented the crucial step of the first phase, which was to freeze all the activities relating to the settlement activity and the removal of illegal check posts from the Palestinian territories. The effect that the Iraq war has on the roadmap for peace or the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in general is immense. Due to the failure of the Bush policies in Iraq and the loss of thousands of innocent lives has made President Bush’s policies regarding Iraq a target for much criticism.Furthermore, these policies have created a feeling of great hatred among the Muslims of the world against these policies and the West in general, because of which terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda take advantage and recruit and brainwash these already angry Muslims. Therefore, to redeem his position in the eyes of the world and especially among the Muslim world peace in the Middle Eas t seems the best option available. Therefore, the Bush administration has to come up with options that will be acceptable to both the sides and if proposed properly Israel may accept the roadmap as being under pressured from the Quartet.Israel has faced a lot of criticism from the international community when it comes to human right violation, which has left Israel vulnerable so the Quartet could impose a roadmap on it. In 2004, Bush presented the roadmap with two significant changes as a part of the new American policy for the roadmap, and expected a final outcome of the conflict. The Israeli leader Ariel Sharon readily accepted the newer version of the plan as the two changes that Bush made seemed favored Israel a lot. The first change was on the issue of borders, which Bush suggested that it would be unwise for Israel to go back to the borders as in 1949.The second issue was of the Palestinian refugees, for which Bush stated that: â€Å"It seems clear that an agreed, just, fair and realistic framework for a solution to the Palestinian refugee issue as part of any final status agreement will need to be found through the establishment of a Palestinian state and the settling of Palestinian refugees there rather than Israel. † So no final agreement was reached. The same year saw the demise of Arafat which the US saw as a significant moment in Palestinian history.Abbass was elected in january 2005 and was invited to the white house hoping for a breakthrough atlast in the conflict after Arafat’s death who was regarded as a terrorist by the American authority. The summer another wave of voilence erupted between Palestinian and the Israelis and faded the hope for a peaceful outcome. The same year in August the world saw the withdrawl of Israeli forces and settlers from the Gaza strip and the West Bank, the withdrawl was initiated by the Israeli prime minister ariel sharon, who also left the Likud party joined a more moderate one.The withdrawl was heav ily appreciated all around the world and the international for once saw a ray of hope amidst the darkness of the bloody conflict. In January 2006 Sharon got a massive heart stroke and retreated from the party , the same month saw the Palestinian ruling party Fatah got defeated by Hamas, a group which the USA had labeled as a terrorist organisation long ago. Hamas has always held the views for the destrution of Israel.Therefore immediately after the Hamas’s victory USA and Israel called for the financial and the diplomatic isolation of the new Palestinian government and this also put an end to any more peace talks with the Palestinian government because both Israel and USA refused to recgnise Hamas in the government. Ehud Olmert succeded Sharon in the elections of May 2006 as the prime minister of Israel, who promised the completion of the withdrawl of Israeli forces from most of the parts of the West Bank by 2010. in the same year fresh clashes started between Hamas and the i sraeli forces in the Gaza strip.In the same year Israel clashed with Hezbollah in Lebanon and suffered casualities and upon admitting defeat withdrew its forces from Lebanon. This conflict had an important impact on the road map and many interpreted these clashes as an end to the roadmap peace process. In the October of the same year an Israeli news paper revealed that the government was still developing new settlements in the West Bank, even though Olmert promised the withdrawl and the removal of the settlements. Many of these settlements were being made on Palestinian property that even the Israeli government recognise as being theirs.For a fear of a political crisis with the USA and for the fear of being criticised by the international community , the report was kept a secret. The situation of the Middle East was worsened by civil clashes between the two major Palestenian groups Hamas and Fatah. Whether or not the Roadmap for Peace succeded or achieved its desired results or outc omes is really hadrd to tell because the success or the failure of the project solely depends on how sincerely both the parties work for the restoration of peace making sure that their ideologica differences do not interfere with the peace plan.The international community have countless times tried to maintain peace between the two sides by proposing a solution which would be acceptable to both the parties, but every time due to some reason or the other the peace process seems to end with completion possibly because the terms and the conditions of the proposed agreements were not suitable for one of the party or during the peace process a deadlock creates due to clashes or hostilities e. g. the second intifada.The Roadmap for peace plan guaranteed the creation of an independant Palestinian state wxisting side by side with Israel in peace, it also promises the Palestinians that Israel will withdraw its troops and freeze the building of its settlements on Palestinian territories. So f ar nothing of this sort has happened so baically the roadmap as I see it has failed because it failed to provide what it promised to the Palestinians and the Israelis. The Palestinians still have to live under a constant threat of being attacked or even killed by the Israeli forces anytime, not even the children are safe.The Israelis have to face the Palestinian revenge when some loved one of theirs die in a suicide attack. Both sides have endured countless casualties mostly civilians and the innocent people. Further more the building of the wall around the Palestinians have complicated issues even further and has restricted the Palestinians to a limited area of land only, there are only two openings and travelling to the world outside the wall is not possible air, sea or land. It is seen as another illegal attempt tocapture Palestinian land.The international community have proposed many proposals inaddition to the ones mentioned above but all of them have not proved any useful. USA has been playing the role of an initiator of peace talks between the two authorities for many years now, but as USA is a close ally of Israel and have political advantages to reap from Israel, the muslim world in general see the sfforts being made by the American government as inefficient or being biased and always in the favor of Israel.They feel that it is in the power of the American government to force Israel out of Palestenian areas and to make Israel stop the killings of the innocent but still America is reluctant to do such a thing and make peace in the region. The United Nations too has passed many declaration agaisnt the violations of human rights, which includes the killings and the destruction of homes of the Palestinian, by the Israeli government but Israel has never taken any heed.The united nations has also passed a number of resolutions against the barrier and the International Court of Justice has also issued an order which describes the barrier as illegal an orders to be stripped down . Israel on the other hand has ruled out the decision of the International Court saying that it did not considered the court’s jurisdication. In a 2004 report Amnesty International wrote that â€Å"The fence/wall, in its present configuration, violates Israel’s obligations under international humanitarian law.† The world council of churches has also condemned the barrier saying that it is a serious violation of human rights and humanitarian consequences owing to the construction of the barrier. Some international governments do support the Israeli actions but still oppose the barrier as it is built outside the 1949 armistice lines. Conclusion: The conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians have been going around for decades it has not only sabotage peace in that particular region but has also effected the neighboring countries as well.The conflict has created many problems and many enemies for the state of Israel. Many people think I srael as an illegal state which donot have the right to exist, where as there are a group of people which agree the right of Israel to exist as a nation, as a state but not at the cost of the annexation of Palestinian land and not by the killing of the Palestinian. The Roadmap for Peace, even though has been accepted by all the sides but still has done little to promote peace in the region because no sincere efforts have been made to implement the plan.However over years of negotiations the RoadMap remains the only alternative that leaders from both the sides have agreed upon , whereas agreements like the Geneva initiative still has a long way to go before it is officially accepted by the leaderships of the two parties. Many experts view the geneva accord as a better means of promoting peace among israelis and the palestinians because the accord provides many realistic solutions to problems which have been evaded in the past agreements. An article in the Israeli news paper commented thatTel Aviv Ma’ariv (Israeli, Hebrew-language, centrist), April 22: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict today isn't just a conflict between leaders and worldviews, it is a conflict between two peoples filled with bitterness and hatred, between parents and children who have lost many of their relatives and their belief in peace. They will not place their destiny in airy promises of a new Middle East. There is not, and there cannot be, an agreement for mutual trust between the two peoples in this manner. Perhaps in the next generation†¦. [U. S.President George] Bush's road map is a positive step but nothing more. Even if both sides agreed to accept it exactly as it is written, without changes or comments (and there is no possibility of that happening), there is nothing in the road map or in Bush’s vision that will allow the spanning of a bridge across the deep abyss between the two peoples and which would bring an end to the dispute. —Dan Shilon As far as I am concerned and I see it the palestinian are the opressed here, because as I see it the Jews were the one who were the outsiders, the immigrants, it was the courtesy a

How great is gatsby?

The term ‘Great' can be Interpreted in a variety of ways. Fitzgerald doesn't mention the word great in his book. ‘The Great Gatsby apart from In the title; this Incredibly short title shows a lot of meaning behind the character of Gatsby. It could be Ironic, mysterious or an ode to Gatsby himself. However the title could be alluding to Gatsby great heart or love with Daisy The name ‘Great Gatsby Immediately Invokes the thought of a showman or a magician, especially with the' in the title.The simple and humble beginnings of Jimmy Gate were almost miraculously transformed into he lavish lifestyle that Gatsby thought was his destiny. In this respect Jimmy Gate is the ‘Great Gatsby' his whole life is an illusion that he conjured up to change his life completely. However there are holes in the lifestyle he created compared to the way he acted, especially during his extravagant parties, he never fully mastered the role of host, he didn't talk to all the guests inste ad he tended to skulk and hope that Daisy would appear from across the lake.There are major problems with Gatsby decision to obliterate his past life, namely he no longer feels completely comfortable In myself. This means that he can't be considered a great man within society. In the sass a Great man was considered to know everyone, throw lavish parties and be successful. This was Gatsby to an extent, he was able to manipulate the law through his connections to keep him out of trouble, he threw spectacular parties and he can be considered successful. However he could no longer connect with people, even with Daisy he often lost his nerve and ability to speak to her.Nick has to make him talk to Daisy the first time they meet again you're acting like a little boy†¦. Not only that UT you're being rude'. This is again a sign that Gatsby isn't naturally a socialite; he wasn't brought up with money and didn't attend parties so he doesn't know how to host or to make small talk. He's th erefore not a Great socialite man. He manages to reinvent himself, through his sudden increase In money, his friendship with Mr.. Dan Cody and his need to be with Daisy; this Is what makes him great in Nick Caraways eyes.Nick admires Gatsby to the extent that he's amazed at the life Gatsby has managed to attain purely for the love of a girl, Daisy. However Nick believes that Gatsby love was misplaced, he believed that the Daisy that Gatsby had desired and dreamed about, had been romanticists so heavily by Gatsby, that the real Daisy could no longer fulfill Gatsby dream of her. In Gatsby mind Daisy is a dream that he is striving to achieve, he tries desperately to get close to her. When he finally buys the house across the lake from her, he sees the green light.This light is his hope for the future and the thing that makes him want to fight harder to become the Great man that Daisy deserves. When Daisy finally gets to his house the green light is no longer kibbles and the dream Is sh attered. This is where Gatsby greatness fails; in Gatsby mind Daisy was supposed to leave her husband and run away with him, live In the house he built for her and starts their lives again but Daisy couldn't satisfy this dream. HIS misplaced faith In this dream life with Daisy was Gatsby ultimate downfall.Gatsby was In some respects the noble denotation of ‘Great' he was successful and self-sacrificing purely for Daisy, he showed some aspects of heroic wanted. However the majority of the heroic actions were done out of selfish intent, ND Gatsby failure to accept that the girl he loved had moved on. Yet he carried on trying to make everything the way he wanted, he ended up getting so caught up in his own warped version of their life together instead of saving Daisy he ended up making her run away.He may have done everything out of love but the outcome was a warped tragedy. The connotations associated with a ‘Great man' are incredibly varied; Gatsby certainly was not a goo d man so it's questionable if he can be considered great. His amorality is a very important part of the book because it is set n the sass's hypocritical society. Gatsby was the source of gossip and scandal. People would go to his parties, drink his illegal alcohol and Judge his illegality and suspect him of having connections with the Kaiser.The rumors circulating may not have all been true but a fair few were accurate, Gatsby made his money through bootlegging, this doesn't make him a good person. Throughout the book there is the omniscient poster of TX Cocklebur, therefore it's very possible that although Gatsby suffered retribution for a crime he didn't commit, he perhaps suffered it for one of is many other crimes. In Conclusion, Jay Gatsby was a Great Illusionist and liar but not a Great man.He created a life that changed his morals and Judgments so he could please an idealized girl who he hadn't seen for 5 years. Although he may have had the best intentions to start with they were only centered on his own happiness and then refused to accept that Daisy could have moved on. The Great Gatsby ended up almost breaking up a marriage, causing severe heartbreak to the people he loved, and implemented the events that led to his own unnecessary downfall.

History and Purpose of the Commonwealth of Nations

History and Purpose of the Commonwealth of Nations As the British Empire began its process of decolonization and the creation of independent states from former British colonies, there arose a need for an organization of countries formerly part of the Empire. In 1884, Lord Rosebery, a British politician, described the changing British Empire as a Commonwealth of Nations. Thus, in 1931, the British Commonwealth of Nations was founded under the Statute of Westminster with five initial members - the United Kingdom, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, and the Union of South Africa. (Ireland permanently left the Commonwealth in 1949, Newfoundland became part of Canada in 1949, and South Africa left in 1961 due to apartheid but rejoined in 1994 as the Republic of South Africa). Commonwealth of Nations Rebrand In 1946, the word British was dropped and the organization became known as simply the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia and New Zealand adopted the Statute in 1942 and 1947, respectively. With Indias independence in 1947, the new country desired to become a Republic and to not utilize the monarchy as their head of state. The London Declaration of 1949 modified the requirement that members must view the monarchy as their head of state to require that countries recognize the monarchy as simply the leader of the Commonwealth. With this adjustment, additional countries joined the Commonwealth as they gained independence from the United Kingdom so today there are fifty-four member countries. Of the fifty-four, thirty-three are republics (such as India), five have their own monarchies (such as Brunei Darussalam), and sixteen are a constitutional monarchy with the sovereign of the United Kingdom as their head of state (such as Canada and Australia). Although membership requires having been a former dependency of the United Kingdom or a dependency of a dependency, former Portuguese colony Mozambique became a member 1995 under special circumstances due to Mozambiques willingness to support the Commonwealths fight against apartheid in South Africa. Policies The Secretary-General is elected by the Heads of Government of the membership and can serve two four-year terms. The position of Secretary-General was established in 1965. The Commonwealth Secretariat has its headquarters in London and is composed of 320 staff members from the member countries. The Commonwealth maintains its own flag. The purpose of the voluntary Commonwealth is for international cooperation and to advance economics, social development, and human rights in member countries. Decisions of the various Commonwealth councils are non-binding. The Commonwealth of Nations supports the Commonwealth Games, which is a sporting event held every four years for member countries. A Commonwealth Day is celebrated on the second Monday in March. Each year carries a different theme but each country can celebrate the day as they choose. The population of the 54 member states exceeds two billion, about 30% of the world population (India is responsible for a majority of the Commonwealths population).

censorship in society essays

censorship in society essays If our society decides to have censorship, we compromise our freedom of speech and are left with the chore of deciding where to draw the illusive and unstable line between what should be censored and what should not. When the issue of censorship needs to be addressed question arise such as Who will enforce it? and Who will decide what is right? Ironically, the people who censor materials to protect the common people do not have the common persons best interest in mind. It is the people in power who censor to protect the disempowered and impose the views of a small percentage of society on the masses. Censorship will never reduce oppression and domination, but add to the problem, as people are left inane and ignorant. Censorship will never give people comfort and security for it is often hypocritical and in many times creates conflicts of interest. Violent and sexually explicit material are tolerated in our mainstream society to a certain degree. Images of rape and torture are tolerated within this section of our society within certain circumstance. The rape of the Sabine Women, the Martyrdom of St. Agathe and the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ are iconographic pictures which many artists throughout history have depicted and are consistently shown within art museums. While these are being represented in many places, a work of art, which challenges our modern culture, will face resistance and censorship due to homophobic, sexist and racist reactions. But go many places and it is easy to find degrading images of women in porn magazines to mainstream advertising. Why government bureaucrats get to see material that they forbid the rest of us to see is outrageous. Not only do they not have to pay for the material in question; we actually pay them to see it. If the rational for censorship is that "obscene" material automatically corrup ts minds and produces anti-social ...

Ethics and Leadership in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics and Leadership in Criminal Justice - Essay Example A compelling scenario is where two accomplices arrested of a crime are locked in separate cells. They may be offered three choices, the first being to confess to the charges and be jailed for five years. The second choice would be to have one of them confess, and be freed while the other who does not confess would be jailed for ten years. Finally, the third choice would be to have neither of them confess, and both be jailed for a term of one year. If both are not selfish and take interest collectively, both will not confess and will be jailed for one year. Otherwise, having one, confess, will have them serve longer jail terms. This paradox shows two possible outcomes, to deny or to admit guilt which depends on the decisions of the two culprits. The doctrine of contractarianism was initially applied by such philosophers as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke to address the legitimacy revolving around political authority. When people are, considered agreeing in an attempt of entering into social contracts as to establish a form of government; the formed government is not considered oppressive or tyrannical. Bill Lawson raises concerns regarding the applicability of social inequalities to guilt of the crime. The doctrine of Social Contract, minorities, and crime, particularly concentrates at the obligations of minorities in abiding by the stipulated set of laws; citizens are failed by the state in executing the required obligation of protecting its citizens from crimes occurring in the urban setup. A contractarian approach of legal mandate tends to treat it like a debt owed by each citizen to each other with benefits as the expected return (including peace, security, and predictability) that is realized when the greatest number of citizens obey the law as well as the state guards its citizens against law breakers. According to Lawson, important attributes of the described two-way bargain should not be reserved for the inner section of the city whose residents are

NR 6210 Practicum Experience Summery Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NR 6210 Practicum Experience Summery - Assignment Example To start with, perinatal depression is a condition that affects women leading to major or minor depression either during the pregnancy period or within 12 months after giving birth. This is a common occurrence in women and studies have shown that minority and low-income women register most cases in the documentation patterns of screening and referral for postpartum depression. Therefore, as part of my behavioral objectives, I investigated problems associated with EPDS screenings and referral resources among low income perinatal clients in FCM. In the first day of the practicum, I was introduced to the program coordinator of FCM, Mrs. Damaris Montano who acted as my preceptor during the practicum period. The introduction was important part of the practicum since I was able to learn what it takes to run the department since my preceptor was preparing for performance review of the department that was to be carried out later. I also got a glimpse of how the internship will be carried out in the department. On the second meeting with my preceptor, I learned the administrative roles of MPH nurse at a public health department from the programs she supervised and coordinated. My receptor informed me that she coordinated 6 programs and that she ensured smooth running of the programs as part her responsibilities. To achieve this, she conducted weekly meetings with assistant supervisors in order to discuss issues concerning operation of the program. In addition, we decided to be meeting on Thursdays in preference of FCM program so that I could start reviewing old postpartum EDPS. On another aspect, I also identified some leadership gaps that could be addressed in management of FCM program. In one of the Health Works program staff meeting, a case worker presented an issue to my preceptor that involved a pediatric doctor who did not respond as required on an issue